From little Ingenuity to the future Firefly and all our Earth Science fliers, let’s look at the buzzy scientists. NASA’s Mars Ingenuity helicopter showed us how wonderful a flying science platform can be on another world. Soon there’ll be a helicopter flying on Titan, but there are many other flying robots that’ll be helping us with all our science needs.
Show Notes
- Introduction to Drones in Astronomy
- The Role of Drones in Mars Exploration
- Drone Technology for Earth Sciences
- The Future of Drones in Space
- Drones in Astronomy and Earth Observation
- Support for Science and Space Exploration
Transcript
Human transcription provided by GMR Transcription
Fraser Cain [00:00:49] Astronomy Cast Episode 739 Drones. Welcome to Astronomy Cast, our weekly fact based journey through the cosmos, where we help you understand not only what we know, but how we know what we know. I’m Fraser Kane. I’m the publisher of the Universe today. With me, as always, is Dr. Pamela Gay, a senior scientist for the Planetary Science Institute and the director of Cosmic Quest. Hey, Pam. How you doing?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:01:09] I. I finally am on the other side of writing two major proposals being a co I on three other proposals and going to the AGU. And I feel like I have stepped out of the uncharted wilderness and it is now time to re dye my hair. And that did not happen before this episode. So if you are watching on YouTube. You may laugh at my roots.
Fraser Cain [00:01:37] Right? But you can now consider other things that aren’t grant writing. More Grant Writing. Editing grants. Yes. Yes. You know, that all sounds that’s all sounds fantastic. So. So we’re here into the new year. We we made it through 2024. Now we’re about to enjoy all of the wonder and suspense. The 2025. Yes. Has to offer us. But there’s something that I wanted to just take a second and make it bordering on a plea, which is, you know, if you do a Google search now for anything, you will see this giant block of artificial intelligence summary that sits up at the top of your page. And this is a way for you to quickly get an answer. Thanks to Google. Now, of course, the raw material that forms that summary comes from websites like mine, like Cosmic Quest. Right? And over the last 20 year or so, we’ve seen our search engine traffic drop by 90%. And we’ve seen our ad revenue drop on Universe today by, you know, over the last maybe five years, we’ve seen a drop by about 90%, maybe 80%. So I saw this coming and switched over to Patron and we are like almost funded completely by patron at this point. We’re we’ve just got a little bit more to go to the point where we can just cut off all advertising entirely. I don’t have to care at all about search engine traffic, any of that kind of stuff. All I have to care about is fulfilling the needs of an enthusiastic audience and people who want to learn about space, and I can provide that information to them. I don’t have to worry about Google satisfying anything, just the needs of that audience. And so, you know, if you ever been sitting on the fence, you’re like, I really like what Fraser and Pamela are doing with astronomy cast, and I like what they’re doing with Universe Today and Cosmic Quest and all that kind of stuff. Now is the time to support the work that we do so that we can make that transition into this self-sustained world where I can pay the salaries of journalists who have advanced degrees to research space in astronomy news, to get to the bottom of stories, to write interesting explainers, to produce videos and make that stuff available. Otherwise, you know, I mean, I think for for me, it’s great because we made this transition and I was prepared for it and we’re almost there. But I think for a lot of the places where people get their content from and really enjoy it, it’s about to all go away. Yeah, because there are just no revenue models for this kind of stuff anymore. And so, you know, as a wider approach, not just, Hey, join Universe today Patron join Astronomy Cast Patron, Cosmic Cross Patron support the work of the creators. Yes. That you enjoy directly. Yes. So sign up for their membership. Join their Patreon, buy their book, buy their merch, whatever it is that you can support them directly because they’re all struggling now.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:04:33] Yes. And and especially for all of the science creatives that you deal with, because a lot of us have day jobs, research institutes. And the there was a telecon earlier this week from the incoming Trump administration about plans to move the NASA’s headquarters to consolidate NASA’s centers. We are considering a future and this was one of the most frequently talked about things at the meeting where we’re really worried that funds that currently are already so competitive for research are just going to go away. And so we’re actually finding with Cosmic Quest that it is our donations are ad revenue on escape velocity space news. We are so sorry you can get things without ads through Patreon. That is sustaining our ability to do things like submit papers for publication, to participate in research projects to continue contributing to the advancement of science. Even as. Science funding goes away.
Fraser Cain [00:05:44] Yeah. Yeah. So just just consider that if if the work that people are doing is important to you, figure out how you can support them directly. That is the way that you make sure that that stuff continues to exist. All right, enough. Enough of that. Let’s get into this week’s episode. NASA’s Mars Ingenuity helicopter showed us how wonderful a flying science platform can be on another world. Soon there’ll be a helicopter flying on Titan, but there are many other flying robots that’ll be helping us with all our science needs. And we’ll talk about it in a second. But it’s time for a break.
Speaker 3 [00:06:20] Chronic migraine is 15 or more headache days a month, each lasting four hours or more. Botox and botulinum toxin A prevents headaches in adults with chronic migraine. It’s not for adults with migraine with 14 or fewer headache days a month. It prevents, on average, 8 to 9 headache days a month versus 6 to 7 for placebo.
Speaker 4 [00:06:39] Prescription Botox is injected by your doctor. Effects of Botox may spread hours to weeks after injection, causing serious symptoms. Alert your doctor right away. Has difficulty swallowing. Speaking, breathing eye problems or muscle weakness can be signs of a life threatening condition. Patients with these conditions before injection are at highest risk. Side effects may include allergic reactions, NEC and injection site pain fatigue and headache. Allergic reactions can include rash, welts, asthma, symptoms and dizziness. Don’t receive Botox if there’s a skin infection. Tell your doctor your medical history, muscle or nerve conditions, including ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease, myasthenia gravis or Lambertini syndrome and medications, including botulinum toxin, as these may increase the risk of serious side effects.
Speaker 3 [00:07:16] Ask your doctor and visit Botox chronic migraine.com or call one 804 for Botox to learn more.
Fraser Cain [00:07:23] And we’re back. All right, Pamela, you pitched this idea and you had a sort of wider, more inclusive idea originally. And I just like I boiled down to drones, which is, you know, look, I’m happy with very when you see titles on astronomy cast the very short, simple direct ones, those come from me, the very kind of long, clever ones with, you know, double entendres and innuendo that comes from family.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:07:53] True, It’s true.
Fraser Cain [00:07:55] So. So. So this one is her topic. My title. Yeah. And you Don’t worry. I use very creative, colorful titles on Universe today. I just think it’s really important if we’re covering topics on astronomy cast to discover those topics. So anyway, what did you sort of Invision in this episode?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:08:13] So so I have to admit it was totally inspired from while I was at the ITU conference. I was going up and basically talking to all of the people trapped at booths and looking for things that I could steal to not steal. I mean, it was schwag that we were allowed to take, but I actually filled my friend’s Christmas stockings stockings with swag from AGU. But while I was taking the swag, I was talking to all the people at the booth and being like, okay, tell me what you do. At one of the university booths, they were doing forestry research where they have a self navigating. Give it a start point, Give it a goal for how far to go out, Give it an end point. Drones that can fly through the forest, avoiding branches and trees and things and monitor forest health and the fact that the technology has gotten that good. When the last time I saw a science drone, it was like super loud with scare all the humans as well as the wildlife and required a human to like constantly have it in sight, navigate it. We can now slide through forests all live like the Empire Strikes Back. Or I guess it was the Return of the Jedi and or speeders and and I was like, my goodness, must talk about our buzzy science companions. So yes.
Fraser Cain [00:09:44] Yes, that’s what that sounds great. Well, let’s start then with ingenuity.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:09:49] So ingenuity is also known as a little journey, a flew with perseverance. Percy to Mars landed a number of years ago. It was a last minute add on to the mission After we’d been so successful in landing Curiosity, NASA was able to get a bump in what they were able to do. They added this. I, i it’s it’s a roto copter that sat in the belly of perseverance. The idea was while Perseverance was doing a full checkout of systems after landing, they would see can a helicopter fly on Mars. They do some trial studies. They figured it would last a handful of flights and then end of life. As an any of us who’ve flown a remote, I have crashed things into trees. Right. But but it kept going across years and kilometers until a couple of months ago. It had a bad landing. It snapped one of its rotors. What was so frustrating about this is it was still communicating, but the communications package on board, Jenny, just wasn’t it wasn’t built so that it can communicate all the way up to orbiters. So Percy had to drive away from its helicopter friend and leave its helicopter friend collecting data in hopes that someday it’s currently acting as a weather station, basically hoping that someday someone or something will be able to walk up to it and scoop it up and collect all that data.
Fraser Cain [00:11:33] Yeah, yeah. And I mean, originally they had expected to do five flights with ingenuity, which would have been fantastic. Yeah. But in the end it did 72 and tested all kinds of, of parameters about the height could go the speed it could go how far it could get on a charge and and just demonstrated that this technology is is it’s definitely it’s there works now I mean you think about the the constraints you’ve got 1% of the atmospheric density of earth and so you have a fraction. Now you have less gravity, you have a third of the gravity of earth. It’s still one, but still 1%. And the way they overcame this problem is by running those rotors at ludicrous speeds. Yes.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:12:17] And and this allowed them to do things like get. Close-Up imagery of sand dunes that would be far too dangerous for Percy to row through. Percy has been recently driving along the side of a former river dry river basin. But the boulders have been intense and the dunes inside the dry riverbed have been intense. And it was a lot of hard work to find a place that was safe for Percy to board that dry river. And it was able to do it with the help of ingenuity. So it turns out it takes two to effectively explore on Mars. And. And Percy and Jamie were that pair.
Fraser Cain [00:13:07] Yeah. Yeah. And now, I mean, it’s obvious that any future mission to Mars needs to include some kind of flying machine because this was just tucked in as a last minute addition to perseverance. And yet it was so useful to be able to fly above, be able to look for landforms, interesting rocks like it. Having that kind of scale capability is is really interesting. So I don’t know if you saw now is testing out potential ideas for next generation helicopters called Mars chopper and it is a six rotor so as to imagine you you welded together six Ingenuity’s and then each one of the rotors has six blades and then this thing will be capable of flying around Mars for, say, three kilometers at a time and carrying five kilograms of a science payload like SUV sized. So take scaling capacity and this is something we always see use us. We saw Spirit and Opportunity. There were little rovers, actually, we saw the one that went with Mars past Pathfinder.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:14:14] Yes.
Fraser Cain [00:14:15] The little little one. And then you see Spirit and Opportunity there scaling it up. And now you see curiosity and perseverance where they’re powered by nuclear radioisotope, thermoelectric generators. They are beefy spacecraft designed to last for decades on on Mars. And so you’re going to see this same cycle. I mean, obviously, until they crashed into a tree on Mars somewhere, which would be an amazing discovery.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:14:38] It really would go tree, I appreciate you.
Fraser Cain [00:14:41] Yeah. You discover life on Mars by crashing your drone into one. But but yeah. And so it is demonstrated that this is the future and the Chinese are considering a helicopter for their Mars sample return mission that they may, in addition to having this thing is going to land and scoop up regolith, have a helicopter that can fly out and range away from the base center, picking up potential interesting rocks and bringing them back and delivering them and having those be part of the sample return package. So you’re going to see and imagine like people, right? People are walking around on Mars and they’ve got helicopters that they can just deploy to scout ahead to look at. Yeah, yeah. And these amazing.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:15:20] And that’s I mean, what I what I love is we’re getting to the point that the kinds of technology we can use on our own world we can now use on other worlds. It is not uncommon at all to use drones in field geology. I was part of a grant where I got to pick out what drone I wanted to buy for a funded, assuming there’s still grants in the future. And and what really gets me is we’re getting to the point where there’s redundancy in these systems. Little Jenny lost one set of rotors and that’s all she had. So that’s all she could do with Dragonfly, which is another one of these rotor copters. They’re looking at having four sets of pairs of rotors so that if any one rotor is lost, the mission continues. And that is a ludicrously large rotor copter that we’re sending to Titan.
Fraser Cain [00:16:20] All right. Well, hold on. We’ll talk about it in a second, but it’s time for another break.
Speaker 3 [00:16:25] Chronic migraine is 15 or more headache days a month, each lasting four hours or more. Botox and botulinum toxin A prevents headaches and adults with chronic migraine. It’s not for adults with migraine with 14 or fewer headache days a month. It prevents, on average, 8 to 9 headache days a month versus 6 to 7 for placebo.
Speaker 4 [00:16:43] Prescription Botox is injected by your doctor. Effects of Botox may spread hours to weeks after injection, causing serious symptoms. Alert your doctor right away. Has difficulty swallowing. Speaking, breathing eye problems or muscle weakness can be signs of a life threatening condition. Patients with these conditions before injection are at highest risk. Side effects may include allergic reaction, snack and injection site pain fatigue and headache. Allergic reactions can include rash, welts, asthma, symptoms and dizziness. Don’t receive Botox if there’s a skin infection. Tell your doctor your medical history, muscle or nerve conditions, including ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease, myasthenia gravis or Lambertini syndrome and medications, including botulinum toxin, as these may increase the risk of serious side effects.
Speaker 3 [00:17:21] Ask your doctor and visit Botox chronic migraine.com or call one 804 for Botox to learn more.
Fraser Cain [00:17:27] And we’re back. All right. Now. I just want to be clear here that you were talking about a robot that’s going to exist in the future that’s going to and I am all for it. But yeah, let’s talk about change, right?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:17:43] So. So Sarah Horst at JPL and Johns Hopkins is not JPL at a p h l is APL with JHU.
Fraser Cain [00:17:56] APL.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:17:57] Yes, that is the combination of letters. Thank you. I Fraser stored over there. Thank you for that. So. So she is the reason that I have followed this mission of watching her through social media go from not being selected to being selected to getting shipments of devices. It’s been an amazing journey to follow and I thank her for all the time she spent on social media. This is a 450 kilogram landing mass of a car sized drone.
Fraser Cain [00:18:39] Right. Powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Like curiosity. Like perseverance. Like the Voyagers. Like. Like your horizons. Yeah. It’s big. And it’s powered by decaying plutonium, which is provides a tremendous amount of electricity. It’s it’s as if, like, literally it’s if you put wings on curiosity and perseverance.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:19:02] True.
Fraser Cain [00:19:03] Send them to Titan.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:19:04] And this is made possible because Titan well, big for a moon is small if you set it next to Mars. But has the kind of atmosphere where Prometheus totally could have flight to the sun using arms and feathers just couldn’t breathe while doing it. And so you have this remarkably thick atmosphere, remarkably low gravity, and they’re talking of being able to fly upwards of of eight kilometers per flight. Wow. And and then sitting down recharging the batteries because it doesn’t charge while flying, which I totally get. And and it’s a tiny moon. They’re going to be able to do an amazing amount of discovery across the ten years they planned for this to work. This is a mission where they’re like, Yeah, we know it’s going to work. And and I love everything about it.
Fraser Cain [00:20:08] Yeah, it’s it’s it’s kind of amazing that it’s also going to be launching soon.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:14] Yes, yes.
Fraser Cain [00:20:15] 28 Yeah. So 2028 Titan Dragonfly is going to launch, but it will get there until 2034, which.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:23] I know we.
Fraser Cain [00:20:23] Have to be patient. That’s ten years from now. But do you remember when Rosetta launched him and they were going to wait ten years to be able to meet? Or when New Horizons launched, you have to wait ten years for together or when Cassini launched like we’ve waited ten years.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:34] Before.
Fraser Cain [00:20:35] Now, right? I know we turned old as these things, but.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:39] And that’s the thing we have to remember about these kinds of missions is they truly, truly are multigenerational, where like, we will be I will be I forget how much older than me you are. I will be 60 when this thing gets to Titan, which means I will be 70 when they give it its its review and say, yeah, we’re going to give you another go of three years. And the idea that we will go from, yeah, I’m going to be full time and managing things to being I’m going to pass the management to someone else and do the things I love because we’re never going to actually stop. That’s who we are during this mission. Yeah, these are things I think about right here.
Fraser Cain [00:21:26] Very essential of you. Sorry, but yeah, so, I mean, you’ve got this flying lab going around on Titan now. It’s not going to the methane leaks, which is really sad.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:21:38] Well, it’s fair they don’t want to drop into a methane leak.
Fraser Cain [00:21:42] Right? Right. So it’s going to stick around closer to the equator. It’s going to be. But I mean, there’s so many interesting things to search for on the surface of Titan. And when you think about like we’ve seen like one series of images taken by the Hogan’s probe when Cassini arrived at Saturn and it was mind blowing, But that’s it. We just see this weird, rocky landscape of this weird kind of burnt orange looking colored blobs across this. Like, what is it? And now, I mean, we’re just going to have nonstop pictures coming home from Titan Dragonfly.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:22:17] So and and the thing that I want to know is there are massive lakes that we can see the sun glinting off of. We saw deltas as the. Wiggins probe went down. Are there going to be small lakes and streams and an entire I won’t say ecosystems, but what what is the word between geology and ecosystems for places that are geologically alive, even if they don’t have critters impacting them?
Fraser Cain [00:22:52] Active geology?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:22:54] I don’t know. That just doesn’t seem dynamic enough. I want to see the the fluvial channels and effects.
Fraser Cain [00:23:03] Yeah.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:23:04] And we can in our lifetime, hopefully.
Fraser Cain [00:23:09] All right. We’re going to talk about some more drones in a second, but it’s time for another break.
Speaker 3 [00:23:15] Chronic migraine is 15 or more headache days a month, each lasting four hours or more. Botox and botulinum toxin A prevents headaches and adults with chronic migraine. It’s not for adults with migraine with 14 or fewer headache days a month. It prevents, on average, 8 to 9 headache days a month versus 6 to 7 for placebo.
Speaker 4 [00:23:33] Prescription Botox is injected by your doctor. Effects of Botox may spread hours to weeks after injection, causing serious symptoms. Alert your doctor right away. Has difficulty swallowing. Speaking, breathing eye problems or muscle weakness can be signs of a life threatening condition. Patients with these conditions before injection are at highest risk. Side effects may include allergic reaction, snack and injection site pain fatigue and headache. Allergic reactions can include rash, welts, asthma, symptoms and dizziness. Don’t receive Botox if there’s a skin infection. Tell your doctor your medical history, muscle or nerve conditions, including ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease, myasthenia gravis or Lambertini syndrome and medications, including botulinum toxin, as these may increase the risk of serious side effects.
Speaker 3 [00:24:10] Ask your doctor and visit Botox chronic migraine.com or call one 804 for Botox to learn more.
Fraser Cain [00:24:17] And we’re back. I forgot at the beginning you should have made this disclaimer, which is like, Don’t send us email about definitions of drones. We don’t care.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:24:29] I So I go with the.
Fraser Cain [00:24:31] Little flying buddies.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:24:33] Yeah. Yeah. Scientist.
Fraser Cain [00:24:35] Little Fuzzy Science.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:24:36] House. Yeah. Yeah. It’s to me, it’s anything that doesn’t have a human being sitting in a cockpit. And and so these. These are a little fuzzy companions. The science with us.
Fraser Cain [00:24:48] So what else did you want to talk about for examples of of drones being used for science?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:24:52] So before we close on, I like all of the things that they get used for for Earth science. I think we need to hit on those little tiny friends that have been traveling with Chinese spacecraft. And we we also have little tiny friends on the International Space Station now.
Fraser Cain [00:25:15] Yeah. Yeah. So one of the things like the question that we always get is why don’t we see pictures of spacecraft from space? And obviously the answer is, how do you take a picture of yourself when you’re out in space? You know, how can James Webb take a picture of James Webb? It’s James Webb. And it’s just taking pictures. And that’s that, right. Well, the Chinese at home hold our bear and have included selfie drones with most of their recent missions. And so then yeah. And so with their mission to to Mars as well as some of their other missions, the spacecraft deploys a tiny little free floating camera that drifts away from the spacecraft and takes a bunch of pictures of it before, I guess, floating away. Or it will drop a tiny little camera onto the surface of the of the moon or Mars and then and then back away from it to get some selfie pictures. And so and the pictures, you know, they go viral. Right. Because you’re getting an actual image of your spacecraft in its in its surrounding and it’s worth the mass, I think is the is the decision that the Chinese have made. And so more power to them.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:26:26] And a.k.a. Suitcase SATs and all those other tiny I just get shoved in as extra space gets filled. Spacecraft have allowed things like the Dart mission had friends that flew with it. One of the sadnesses is there was supposed to be a pair of of bigger than cans smaller than cars craft Janice that were supposed to fly with psyche. But when they changed Psyche’s launch cycle, Janice got put into storage and I’m really hoping they pulled it out to reuse with Apotheosis fly by in a couple of years. But this is our future where we start saying, okay, we’re going to do something super dramatic. Let’s take a camera crew with us. And yeah, that’s that’s exactly what these are. They’re camera crews.
Fraser Cain [00:27:26] Yeah, exactly. And Nasser has also been playing around with, as you mentioned earlier, these like sending little Rover, little robots, little floating robots to the International Space Station. So this one’s called Astrobee. And these are free floating and autonomous little robots that can help the astronauts while they’re performing various tasks on the space station. And the the Astrobee. There are cubes, but I know they’ve also done ones that are more like spheres. They really kind of remind me of that floating sphere in Star Wars. I think where, where it was like floating around in training Luke Skywalker, how to use his lightsaber. And so you can see that once you’re in weightlessness, then you don’t need the constraints of, of, you know, for a propulsion system apart from just puffing a little air to blow itself around, to move inside a free floating environment and and you can see these things being really helpful. And imagine now if you have a computer on board that’s watching the work that you’re doing, that’s that’s you’re saying you’re asking questions. Which part, which which comes next? How do I and do this? How do you know how much supplies do we have left? How much oxygen do we have left? Things like that. Yeah, you can imagine a lot of value. And so you could see NASA’s really testing out this idea on the International Space Station.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:28:44] And and I have to admit, the way they’re designed, they look like the old computer fans from when I used to build computers back in the day in pastel colors. Except that center hub is a camera. And and the places where the supports would be for the fan are actually just where they puff air. Yeah, they’re there. Illogically cute and and look like the Logitech pastel mice and keyboards. And I now imagine a future where people working in space just order from space Amazon their overly cute pastel colored keyboards mice, cameras and drones.
Fraser Cain [00:29:31] Right. Yeah. So there was an interesting piece of drone work that we were investigating with Universe today where people studying meteorites were testing out how well drones would work in a tournament like collecting meteorite samples. And it turns out it’s really good. Yeah. And so what they did was they they set out drones in a region of Australia which is known for it, likes to cut a lot of sand. And so any meteorites that are, you know, came from space look very different. And they they sit on the on the sandy surface and so are really obvious for you know for an observer and these drones go out and they just continuously scan the area looking for anything that’s potentially anomalous. They identify these potential meteorites. They collect them. You know, they they take a picture of them in situ. They make sure they understand the environment around and then they collect the meteorites and bring them back to the researchers. And so the researchers were shown they were able to find meteorites at a faster rate just by doing this. When you think about places like Antarctica, which is where most people search for, you know, that’s where the most meteorites are found because sounds like more meteorites falling in Antarctica. It’s just that you’ve got this snowy waste where you don’t have. Terrain that’s going to look like meteorites. And so any rock sitting on top of the ice has to be a meteorite. And so this whole process is going to get a lot more efficient thanks to drones.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:31:03] And this is where I think it’s important to say that there are many different kinds of A.I., artificial intelligence and machine learning, ML Algorithms and the computer vision algorithms and the artificial intelligence navigation. AI algorithms are both ones that aren’t stealing work that people want to do from the people doing the work. Scientists love to go out and hike around, but at a certain point, if you can be out there with a tiny fleet of happy little buzzy companions that are zipping off into the distance and scooping up meteorites without having to worry about getting bit by whatever deadly thing you encounter in the Australian outback. This is allowing them to be outside doing the things they love and doing it more effectively. And and this is the kind of machine human collaboration I want to see. Please stop summarizing science in ways that cause this misinformation.
Fraser Cain [00:32:19] All right. I think we’ve run out of time this this episode, but. Thanks, Pamela.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:32:25] Thank you. And thank you to everyone out there supporting us. And I I’m going to have new names next week. I decided I wasn’t brave enough to add in the new names this week. So these are repeat donors. This week, I would like to thank Abraham Patel, Alex Arctic Fox, Bart Ferebee, Bob Czapski, Brian Cagle, Cami Rossi and Cooper David Diane Philippon. Dwight Ilke Evel Melky. Frank Stewart. Georgie Ivanov. Gordon Dewar’s Hot Dog. Thresher. Janelle. Jeff Collins. Jim McGeehan. Joe Holstein. Gort. Jordan Turner. Kate. Sandra Otto. Kenneth Ryan. Christian Mager Holt. Les Howard. Mark Schneider. Mathias Hayden. Michael Procida. Mike Who Zoo. Paul Disney. Peter. Robert Handel. Sam Brooks and his mom. Scott Briggs. Simon Barton. The Big Squeeze Squash Time. Lord IRA. William Andrews. Adam and Brown. Brown. I went one too far Adam You’ll get think twice this month. So thank you all so much for being here and thank you for allowing both of us and all of our teams at Universe today. Cosmic Quest and Astronomy cast to do things we love.
Fraser Cain [00:33:45] Thanks, everyone, and we will see you next week.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:33:47] Bye bye, everyone. Astronomy cast is a joint project of Universe Today and the Planetary Science Institute. Astronomy Cast is released under a Creative Commons attribution license. So love it. Share it and remix it. But please credit it to our hosts Fraser Cain and Dr. Pamela Gay. You can get more information on today’s show topic on our website. Astronomy Cars.com. This episode was brought to you thanks to our generous patrons on Patriot. If you want to help keep this show going, please consider joining our community a patriot slash astronomy cast. Not only do you help us pay our producers a fair wage, you will also get special access to content right in your inbox and invites to online events. We are so grateful to all of you who have joined our Patreon community already. Anyways, keep looking up. This has been astronomy cast.