Last week we talked about the Einstein probe. So this week it is only natural that we talk about the man himself, Albert Einstein. He revolutionized the field of physics, played a vital role in the early 20th century and struggled to unite the forces of the Universe at the end of his career.
Show Notes
- Albert Einstein’s Early Life and Education
- Einstein’s Relativity Theories
- Einstein’s Public Persona and Influence
- Einstein’s Later Life and Philosophical Views
- Einstein’s Legacy
Transcript
Fraser Cain [00:00:49] Astronomy Cast episode. 735. Albert Einstein. Welcome to Astronomy Cast, our weekly fact based journey through the cosmos to help you understand not only what we know about how we know what we know. I’m Fraser Cain. I’m the publisher of Universe Today. With me, as always, is Dr. Pamela Gay, a senior scientist for the Planetary Science Institute and the director of Cosmic Quest. Hey, Pavel, how you doing?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:01:09] I am doing well. We are recording this Thanksgiving week. I have made a new one.
Fraser Cain [00:01:16] Thanksgiving was a long time.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:01:17] I know you’re busy. October 10th. I’m in the US. We’re a little slow on the pick up sometimes. I think it’s cold here later.
Fraser Cain [00:01:24] And again, I want to make the case that you guys should follow our lead. I know. Do Thanksgiving in October when the weather is better and you don’t need to have so much craziness at the airports and driving and all of that. It’s just it’s it’s.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:01:41] But I can use the patio as an extra refrigerator.
Fraser Cain [00:01:45] True that. Yeah. So are all the food good. Well I hope you guys have a have a fun Thanksgiving now we are. I want to sort of remind everybody that what you’re listening to here is the Astronomy Cast podcast. But this is just the tip of the iceberg of the larger astronomy cast.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:02:07] Family of content.
Fraser Cain [00:02:10] Cinematic universe. Yes. And so I produce the Universe Today podcast, and then we have almost a podcast coming out every day, probably five episodes a week, 4 to 5 episodes a week. And not just the stuff that I put on a YouTube channel, but even bonus episodes. When people interview me, I put that onto the podcast feed. So and then I also have a patron only podcast feed, which if you become one of your patrons, then you get additional patron only question shows, which are like three hours long. We do one of these a month as well as all the additional audio on our Patreon. So when we do the live shows, all the over time audio, we make that available on the Patron podcast. So if you want more podcasts, I produce two one regular one and one for the patrons. But what’s the other stuff that you do? What are the other podcasts that you’re part of?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:03:00] So we do the Escape Velocity Space News podcast. I am blessed Venturesome in producing a ton of content, but we also we have a citizen science project that is currently in beta so that you can tell us how bad the interfaces are. I’m going to be working on coding that basically from now until Christmas and I do a lot of essay writing. My passion I’ve discovered, is long form essays and so you can also find me over on Substack as Star Strider.
Fraser Cain [00:03:30] And of course we are tangentially involved with the 365 days of astronomy, which often features our content but features voices from across the astronomy sphere.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:03:42] And and Cosmic Quest and 365 Days of Astronomy and Escape Velocity, Space News. All of that is supported through because my quest expatriation and we give everything away. It’s who we are. So there isn’t really a lot of Patreon only content, but we do give our patrons everything early.
Fraser Cain [00:04:04] Right. And the other thing, I know you on Twitch you like read books.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:04:10] I do.
Fraser Cain [00:04:11] Available is a podcast anywhere or is it only on Twitch?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:04:15] So far it’s mostly on Twitch. I’m working on uploading stuff into YouTube as well on my Star Strider account. It takes forever to edit things and I need to force myself to sit here and edit things. But we both do a fair amount of reading off of teleprompters. Me more than you, I think because you’ve started to have more stuff off the cuff. You used to.
Fraser Cain [00:04:39] Used to, yeah.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:04:41] But to get better at doing teleprompter thing and also because I really, really like to inflict fiction on others. Yeah. I have been doing readings story time over on Twitch again on my Star Strider channel and we’re about to start a story called Her Land. I’m going to start that next week after Thanksgiving. This is a early science fiction story that is a utopian feminist novel. And in the world that we currently live in, I think this is exactly what is needed. And I just finished doing Wee by Yevgeny Zamyatin, and it was the original dystopian novel that inspired 1984 and Anthem and Brave New World. So I’m basically jumping to the furthest extreme to do feminist utopian fiction.
Fraser Cain [00:05:35] So I want to abuse my power here now, and I want to encourage our. Audience to communicate to Pamela that they would prefer to have this in podcast form. And so if you want to message her by email, respond to her in the Twitch comment and the YouTube comments when you’re watching her stuff, I, you know, comment to her on Blue Sky. You know, let her know that this this content would be best consumed in podcast form because because everyone loves your voice. And and so to be able to fall asleep to Pamela’s all lilting tones. Hearing various books. I mean, you’ve done so many books. Yeah. And so people can can listen to this kind of stuff. And I think it’s it’s worth doing so that the podcast is the natural forum for this. And so I’m just going to show you the enthusiasm and demand for this thing and then you can monetize it, you know, like you, you know, make it worth your while. Last week we talked about the Einstein probe. So this week it is only natural that we talk about the man himself, Albert Einstein. He revolutionized the field of physics, played a vital role in the early 20th century and struggled to unite the forces of the universe at the end of his career. And we will talk about it in a second, but it is time for a break.
Speaker 3 [00:06:58] Hey, it’s Ryan Seacrest for Albertsons and Safeway. Winter is here. And when it’s cold outside, that means it’s also cough and cold season. Don’t get left feeling under the weather. We’ve got everything you need to keep your family covered. Lessen your cough or cold symptoms and make you feel better. Stock up on all your cough and cold essentials like Tylenol, cold and flu, Mucinex, Ricola, Vicks Day, Clinical and Theraflu. And get great savings when you shop in store or online. Visit Albertson’s or safeway.com for more details.
Fraser Cain [00:07:29] And we’re back. All right. This. This is a long time coming. I think I’m going to have to apologize in advance. The show might break beyond our normal runtimes because there’s a lot to talk about. So, you know, I don’t want to see you tapping your watch. You I want you to this episode up. Yes. And so we’re just going to run with it. Where I don’t even know where to start.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:07:58] So. So I’m going to start with with the thought I had the entire time I was prepping for this episode. Yeah. I kept asking myself, how different would our understanding of Einstein be if he had lived in the age of television? And if he had lived today. And I’m going to be forced to write a long form essay on this later that I will probably post on my substack.
Fraser Cain [00:08:24] Right. Right. Okay. Well, what do you I mean, what do you think? I mean, I know that feeling because I have this sounds like like how would Galileo feel or Plato or Aristotle in the modern time? Right. How would they, under this con constant media bombardment, try to make sense of the of the world that they find themselves in. And. Yeah. And so let’s go back to the beginning. You know, where where did Albert Einstein come from and and how did he get his start?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:08:55] So he he grew up in Germany. I his, his dad was on the engineering side of things. He had tutors. He went to excellent schools. His parents tried to get him to go to a technical school because they wanted him to be an electrical engineer. And I felt that in my soul. Yes, me too. Era. At one point, the school he was at wrote to his parents and were like, Please take him. And his parents at the time were living in Italy. He had stayed behind in Munich to continue schooling there. He was left behind in Munich. He caught up with his family in Italy. At 16, he applied to university in Zurich. And when he applied, he got over all kind of numbers at 16. But he was so exceptional in physics and mathematics that they basically were like, Stay here. Stay in Zurich. You’re admitted to the university, but you need one more year. And he eventually ended up finishing university. And I had to write down all these numbers. So he got into University of Switzerland in 1895. In 1903, he got his job in the patent office. That was made a permanent position faster than even he thought he had any right to become a permanent employee because he was so outstanding.
Fraser Cain [00:10:24] And was this story was this because, like, he just couldn’t find a job as a professor yet? And so he took the job as a patent clerk.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:10:29] And he didn’t have his Ph.D. yet. He was just like a bachelor student and he had to eat. And what was wild to me is he’s working full time in the patent office and working on his Ph.D. So he got his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich in 1905 while on leave from the patent office. And that year, 1905, the year he got his Ph.D. just going to say that loudly for everyone in the back was the year that he he posted his famous four papers the on news mirabilis papers. I’m sorry I destroyed the pronunciation of that Latin. And these were the four papers that described the photoelectric effect Brownian motion, which it still confuses me that we didn’t know about Brownian motion yet. Special theory of relativity and the mass energy equivalence. And those weren’t part of his dissertation, which was only 25 pages long. And I’m just.
Fraser Cain [00:11:33] Right. Four of the most impactful papers in the history of physics he did in one year. They called it the Great Year. He’s right here. Yeah. Yeah. That’s crazy.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:11:45] So? So he did all of this. And by 1914, he was invited to go back to Germany, to Berlin, where he was inducted into the Prussian Academy of Sciences, chair of the Humboldt University of Berlin. And in 1917, a promised new institute for him was put together and he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which is kind of what Germany did before they did all the Max Planck institutes. All right. And and in the process of of publishing all of these papers later coming out with the general theory of relativity. This work. When I Eddington went out and was able to prove his theory with the solar eclipse, Eddington was someone who was kind of really into publicizing everything he did that that was Eddington’s thing. He was very popular. He was very public. He was one of the first public scientists in a lot of ways. And so when Eddington did these solar eclipse measurements that were able to prove the deflection of light by gravity, that got picked up by major newspapers as well as as every scientific journal out there.
Fraser Cain [00:13:18] There’s a great movie called Einstein and Eddington. I think it’s that right. Amazing that.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:13:24] Right. Get David Tennant in it.
Fraser Cain [00:13:26] Yeah. Has David Tennant and Gollum.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:13:29] As Andy Circuses.
Fraser Cain [00:13:31] Andy Serkis Right. Right. I think as as the two as the two characters and it just talks about this that, you know, Einstein had made these predictions and, and Eddington had just vowed that he was going to prove the, the deflection of light from the gravity of the sun. And it wasn’t until there was a a like there was a total solar eclipse and it was in a very hard to reach location and required a tremendous effort to actually be able to get there and make the observation. But he did and and proved that Einstein was right and and yeah, just amazing. And that is like, you know, like just chef’s kiss on on going from collecting together a bunch of random things that haunted the physics community, packaging them up into a simple and elegant explanation. Yeah. Providing a range of predictions that now just needed to be tested to confirm both the thing that it was already known as well as some additional, you know, additional predictions. And, and then the experiments were done and the things that he predicted turned out to be true. Like that is the perfect science theory.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:14:56] Right? Yeah. And and so with that, he started getting invited to do talks all over the world. And this was before the days of of easy, cheap air travel when people were still taking boats to get most places. Right. And and so he was spending weeks, two months at a time in various parts of the world. And he he literally went everywhere over the next several years giving talks to the emperor of Japan, touring South America, North America, Europe multiple times. And and in all these travels, he was doing public lectures. He was talking to people. He was befriending actors and actresses and leaders of various nations. And reading all of this, it really caught me that there was very much this public view today of Einstein as the dude with the crazy hair standing in front of the chalkboard covered in equations, which are the pictures that were taken from him working at the Institute of Physics, usually after World War Two when he was older and had more insane hair. But. When he was younger. He was a rock star. He was the trying to figure out who the Brian Cox he was for. He was the top researcher. Sean Carroll, I think, is probably the closest we have today to someone who has public credentials and rock star science publications. I’m not sure we actually have anyone that really has the same.
Fraser Cain [00:16:49] Right that that is both incredible credentials as a scientist, but also is the toast of the town.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:16:59] Exactly.
Fraser Cain [00:17:00] The celebrities want to hang out with them and so on. All right. We’re going to continue this conversation, but it is time for another break.
Speaker 3 [00:17:06] Hey, it’s Ryan Seacrest for Albertsons and Safeway. Winter is here. And when it’s cold outside, that means it’s also cough and cold season. Don’t get left feeling under the weather. We’ve got everything you need to keep your family covered. Lessen your cough or cold symptoms and make you feel better. Stock up on all your cough and cold essentials like Tylenol, Cold and flu. Mucinex. Ricola, Vicks Day, Clinical and Theraflu. And get great savings when you shop in store or online. Visit Albertson’s or safeway.com for more details.
Fraser Cain [00:17:36] And we’re back. Now, you mentioned the great year. We talked about the four big papers, but the one that is not in there was general relativity. Right. So when did that come along?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:17:49] So he he put together his his theory of general relativity, cosmological considerations in the general theory of relativity. The official name of the paper that came out in 1917 and with with special relativity, she he expressed the basic idea that all observers see the speed of light as the speed of light, that it’s always the same laws of physics experienced by everyone who is in a non accelerating frame. So a rest frame. And it was all of these ideas of what we’re experiencing on the planet Earth is going to be no different than what is experienced out on. Well, they didn’t know about exoplanets back then, but anywhere else out in the universe. But the ideas that he had at that point in time didn’t yet incorporate gravity. And so it was with general relativity that he pulled in gravity, which up until that point was just seen as another force. And the thing is that when we look at the forces today, we see electromagnetism is communicated by a boson and we see the strong force in the weak force communicated by boson. Gravity is actually, from Einstein’s understanding of it, a literal bending of the four dimensional universe that we live in, the three dimensions of space plus time. And so a black hole is literally changing the shape of space. Our planet Earth is literally changing the shape of space. And this has consequences, including us allowing us to see gravitationally lensed objects, gravitational waves. Right. All of these things that are today would allow us to accurately fix the time on pieces so that they work here on the surface of the planet when the signals are getting changed and are different for them up in orbit. All of this comes from general relativity, putting gravity into the concepts of how we view space and time.
Fraser Cain [00:20:06] And and I always laugh about this, that we are continuously writing articles on universe today that Einstein was right again right Like that’s the gist was that with the new Dark Energy survey instrument release that came out, I. A week ago.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:27] Yeah, it was about right.
Fraser Cain [00:20:29] It was the most comprehensive test of gravity at the larger scales. And what do you know? Einstein was right again. Right.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:20:37] And there was space in his equations for things that he didn’t even think would be possible. So there was a constant of integration on his description of the shape of the universe and that constant of integration he set to zero, assuming that our universe was static and unmoving. And it turns out that that constant of integration is the lambda in the expansion rate, the accelerating expansion, or our universe. And so what I really love is there was space for new discoveries in his equations. And scientists continue to find ways where it could be. He predicted things that we just didn’t see the full consequences of. Right. There are a group of papers that are looking at some of the side effects of black holes on basically how energy is redistributed through the universe that it looks like there may have found a way to explain dark energy with black holes. And I’m still wrapping my head around this. A new set of papers came out last week that I have not fully understood.
Fraser Cain [00:22:00] Yeah, I’ve done it in recent people and I’m like asking all the questions and I’m trying my best and I didn’t understand.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:22:06] So I’m working on it. Relativity was one of my best classes. I’m really hoping I can get there, but it’s a lot of years. Yeah. It’s I like. I have this sense that this is at least part of the solution, and I haven’t had that reading. Any other papers.
Fraser Cain [00:22:28] Right, Right. And so, I mean, those are, I guess, the big five papers. But then and you mentioned like having the cosmological constant is just one of the things. And I also you’re exactly right. I love that listening to you. But what if we figure out that the universe is accelerating and no problem, I count for that. It’s not because I just put that number in. Right. And then keep and then proceed. Okay, great. Thanks. So then what were some of the other ideas then that maybe he worked on after that? Like, you know, 27 we’re at 1917, but he still has 40 years of life left. Right. What what did he then continue working on? Or would you just get too sucked into Hollywood and and you know.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:23:13] It’s it’s a weird mixed bag. He spent a lot of time continuing to explain basically the shape of space time working on papers with Bose, working on AI and trying to understand what is quantum mechanics, which was becoming a field. He had some key papers in quantum mechanics. He really hated quantum mechanics. We’ll get back to that one. But. After 1921. He he was excessively traveling the world, which made working on research hard. He did spend time in each of the places he was visiting, trying to stay in place at different universities. At one point, he went to England for two months just to try and work while staying in somebody’s cabin. And he was also someone who, in the modern parlance, refused to stay in his own lane. And this was one of the things that. I deeply respect. Is as he saw Germany beginning to vote in more and more extremists. He spoke out about this. He became very active in the League of Nations. He was a pacifist adamantly. He wrote on all of these topics extensively. And. He was someone who was trying to make a better world. And as things fell apart around him, he saw that there were starting to be policies against Jews being able to do work. And he was in the United States when Hitler was elected. And he’s like, I’m staying here now.
Fraser Cain [00:25:10] Right there in the back.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:25:12] Yeah. But he worked extensively through letter writing to find jobs for other Jews in other nations that would take them. And this was a point of time, even in the United States, where they had quotas on how many Jewish people were allowed to work at the universities. And this is something that history has managed to sweep under the rug. But while Princeton had a large number of Jewish people that ended up landing there, as as Jews were no longer allowed to work in Germany, other universities like Harvard were like, we only allow so many. And they were full up. And that’s really a kind of I’m not going to say it move. And so so Hitler was putting Einstein on a list of basically people to be hated. His apartment was searched, his boat was confiscated. All sorts of terrible things happened. And while that was happening, he was writing letters to world leaders. Turkey, the Turkish leader, was one of the ones that really caught me by surprise. A large number of Jewish academics landed in Turkey, in part because of Einstein’s efforts. Einstein worked tirelessly to find countries and universities to hire other Jewish scientists and academics, and that is just exhausting emotional labor that nobody talks about.
Fraser Cain [00:26:49] That’s really interesting. All right. We’re going to continue this conversation, but it’s time for another break.
Speaker 3 [00:26:55] Hey, it’s Ryan Seacrest for Albertsons and Safeway. Winter is here. And when it’s cold outside, that means it’s also cough and cold season. Don’t get left feeling under the weather. We’ve got everything you need to keep your family covered. Lessen your cough or cold symptoms and make you feel better. Stock up on all your cough and cold essentials like Tylenol, cold and flu, Mucinex, Ricola, Vicks Decor, NyQuil and Theraflu and get great savings when you shop in store or online. Visit Albertson’s or safeway.com for more details.
Fraser Cain [00:27:25] And we’re back. So what are we here? The 30s. We’re kind of leading up to World War Two.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:27:32] Yeah. Late 20s, early 30s.
Fraser Cain [00:27:36] He’s seen the rise of fascism and authoritarianism around the world, but especially in his homeland of Germany and is organizing homes for Jews who he can see are being persecuted more and more. Yeah, but he started to get involved in America’s response.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:27:55] To.
Fraser Cain [00:27:56] Germany and this rise of fascism around the world.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:28:00] And he was a militant pacifist is the best way I know, to put it right.
Fraser Cain [00:28:07] And is that a paradox? I don’t know.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:28:09] But yeah, he he. An evangelical pacifist. I don’t know. I don’t know the correct language here.
Fraser Cain [00:28:14] Zealous pacifist. Yeah.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:28:18] He he wrote to Roosevelt saying there is a nuclear weapons program in Germany along with a bunch of other scientists. You need to be aware of this. And he was adamantly against nuclear weapons. He was not part of America’s atomic bomb. He stood to the side saying, this is a technology that needs to not exist. And his equations in part went into it. He did the math word. Yeah, yeah.
Fraser Cain [00:28:58] Right. That’s crazy.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:28:59] Right? Yeah, it’s totally crazy. Yeah. And so here he was in some ways responsible for what’s going on. Trying to figure out how to get other people from the nation he grew up in. Homes in other places fighting to try and stop this, fighting to try and figure out how to get a more peaceful world. The League of Nations is clearly no longer useful. There are a lot of times where he was the only scientist not signing things because pacifism said no. Yeah, he he fought to make a better world. And this is one of those things where I kept asking myself, as I’m reading through this, if he was a scientist alive today, what would he be doing and what should that inspire the rest of us to be doing?
Fraser Cain [00:30:04] Yeah, I mean, I think we have all internalized the we’ve become numb to the horrifying reality that we live under the shadow of mutual nuclear Armageddon.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:30:20] Yeah.
Fraser Cain [00:30:21] And and he was there when the choices were being made to set this system up and and and lived through watching these weapons be deployed in the first place and the horrors that had unfolded. And then the state of fear. I mean, there was a generation after World War Two lived in constant fear of of, you know, nuclear annihilation. Yeah. And and I remember being, you know, as a child sort of having a it was expressed to me by my parents. You know, they were the ones who experienced it. They were very concerned about it. And, you know, and we talked about it. And it was something that they you know, they didn’t pull any punches about it. Yeah. My generation, it’s removed my kids generation. It’s not I don’t think they spend a day thinking about the fact that there are people who could press a button and wipe out human civilization.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:31:19] I think that’s changing right now, baby.
Fraser Cain [00:31:21] Maybe. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. But I don’t think we wrestle it in the way of the people.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:31:25] Who now.
Fraser Cain [00:31:26] Saw it actually happen. So. So, you know, we go through the events of World War two and the aftermath. He continues on his research and I think wrestles with the the challenge that he took to his grave.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:31:44] Which was he really wanted to come up with a grand unified theory of physics. And one of the sad parts of his story is because he was adamantly against the statistical nature of quantum mechanics, which means that you don’t always know what’s going to happen. And there’s a certain noise, a certain chaos to the universe. He hated that, famously saying God doesn’t roll dice. And so he spent the later decades of his career trying to change how we did quantum mechanics, trying to find a grand unified theory that brought together the three forces that that all have boson bases and quantum mechanic bases with his geometric theory of gravity. And and he couldn’t do it. And because he was working in a different direction than mainstream science, he got more and more ostracized in a lot of ways from the mainstream science community. And it’s it’s hard to know what to do with that. There are a lot of scientists who in the later years of their life are like, I’m going to do something else. He just did something else that no one thought was cool. And at the same time, though, he kept doing amazing public talks. He kept receiving major awards all the way up until the very end. And the thing that really got me about his death is he died from internal bleeding due to a. I didn’t know you could get this. An aneurysm in his gut. No. Really?
Fraser Cain [00:33:31] Sounds like a super ulcer.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:33:34] It was. Yeah. It was called an M abdominal aortic aneurysm, which just sounds terrible.
Fraser Cain [00:33:44] Yeah.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:33:46] He’d had surgery for the aneurysm in 1948 to reinforce the vessels to try and prevent bleeding out and death in 1955, when it returned, I. He. He basically was like, no, I’m going to die on my own terms. I’m not going to keep fighting to the very end.
Fraser Cain [00:34:07] And so when did he die? How old was he? Like what year?
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:34:11] He died in 55 at 76.
Fraser Cain [00:34:13] Wow.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:34:14] And the thing that got me is he was the most scientist of scientists. He had been asked to give a talk for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel’s seventh anniversary. He was very invested in the formation of Israel, which also has me really wondering what he’d be doing today. And he took his draft speech with him to the hospital, and he kept working on it up until within hours of his death. Wow. And like we both know so many scientists that would totally do that.
Fraser Cain [00:34:50] Absolutely.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:34:51] And yeah, and that’s who he was. And it was Oppenheimer who commemorated him at the Asco headquarters, saying he was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness, a man who had traveled the world multiple times. There was always with him a wonderful purity once childlike and profoundly stubborn.
Fraser Cain [00:35:18] Yeah. Fascinating. Now, there’s a whole bunch of other stories that we just didn’t have time to talk about. His personal life. His.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:35:25] He was a womanizer.
Fraser Cain [00:35:26] Failed marriages. Yeah. Yeah. Relationships with his children. Like, there’s a lot more to this. To this story. But. But I think this sort of provides a really interesting throughline for for the work that I think our audience is very concerned about. Thank you, Pamela.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:35:41] Thank you, Fraser. And and go read his love letters if you ever want inspiration for some reason. They are amazing. It is disturbing how many different women he wrote love letters to, but they were very good. He definitely had charisma reasons the kids would say today. Right. But with that homework assignment, I’m going to say thank you to the folks on Patreon who allow us to do episodes like this week after week, year after year after year. This week, I would like to thank Alex Rain and Oscar Boria and three Loves of all Benjamin Mueller, Brenda Buzz Parsec. Cody Rose. Danny McClatchy. David Trog. Dan Mundus. Aaron Zagreb. Frederick Salvo. Jeff McDonald Gold. Gregory Singleton. James Roger. Janette Wenk. Jeremy Kerwin. Joanne Mulva. Jonathan Poe. Justin Proctor. Kelly Hanna. David Parker. Christian Golding. Lee Harben. Mark Phillips. Matthew Horstman. Michael Hartford. Michelle Cullen. Noah Albertson. Pauline Medlock. Robert Cordova. Ruben McCarthy. Scott Beaver. Ziggy Ccamlr, The Air Major Tim Gerrish and Wanderer Am 101. Thank you all so very much.
Fraser Cain [00:37:05] Thanks everyone. And we will see you next week.
Dr. Pamela Gay [00:37:09] Bye bye. Astronomy cast is a joint product of Universe today and the Planetary Science Institute. Astronomy Cast is released under a Creative Commons attribution license. So love it. Sure it and remix it. But please credit it to our hosts, Fraser Cain and Dr. Dr. Pamela Gay. You can get more information on today’s show topic on our website, Astronomy Cars.com. This episode was brought to you. Thanks to our generous patrons on Patriot. If you want to help keep the show going, please consider joining our community a Patriot e-commerce slash astronomy cast. Not only do you help us pay our producers a fair wage, you will also get special access to content right in your inbox and invites to online events. We are so grateful to all of you who have joined our Patreon community already. Anyways, keep looking up. This has been astronomy cast.